Eric VI of Denmark

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Eric VI of Denmark : biography

1274 – 1319

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Eric VI Menved (1274 – 13 November 1319) was King of Denmark (1286–1319) and a son of Eric V and Agnes of Brandenburg.

He became king in 1286 at age 12, when his father was murdered 20 November by unknown assailants. Since Eric VI was only 12 years old, his mother ruled for him until 1294.

Regency

Seal and counter-seal of Eric VI. The small eagles are references to his mother, [[Agnes of Brandenburg.]] Eric Menved’s rule was a central period during the “Age of Decay" in Denmark 1241–1340. His early reign – during which he was led by his mother and her German relatives – was affected by the unrest and wars that followed the murder of his father.

The first act of the new government was to settle the case of the former king’s murder at a court convened at Nyborg at Whitsun 1287. 27 honorable men were appointed to decide the case. Chief among the accused were Marshal Stig Andersen Hvide and Jacob Nielsen, Count of Halland and seven others were accused. After a one day trial, the jury found all the accused guilty. The properties and incomes of the condemned were declared forfeit and they were exiled from Denmark on pain of death. Even the pope became involved when he excommunicated those who had been judged guilty.

The verdict was questionable on several counts. None of the accused could be proven to be in the immediate vicinity when the king was stabbed to death. The accused were not allowed to swear their innocence before the court or have other honorable men swear as to their innocence, a right granted to them by law. Despite the unclear circumstances surrounding Eric V’s death, the jury only took one day to arrive at a guilty verdict. The accused had all belonged to Erik V’s inner circle; it is uncertain what they were supposed to gain by the king’s death. For these reasons historians Erik Arup and Hugo Yrwing have labelled the verdict as a miscarriage of justice. They consider the murder a result of a power struggle between two noble factions, one led by Marsk Stig and one led by Valdemar, Duke of South Jutland. Duke Valdemar had fallen from grace in 1283, but quickly rose in influence after 1288. They suggest that Valdemar and his allies conspired to kill the king and then to successfully cast suspicion on their rivals at court. Another historian, Kai Hørby, has pointed out that the murder might well have its origin in the dynastic struggle for the throne of Denmark. There were others who thought they had equal or better claim to the throne than Eric V, such as Norway’s king, Eirik Magnusson and his brother and successor Haakon V who were grandsons of Eric IV of Denmark.

Andersen and the others fled to Norway where they were welcomed by King Eirik who gladly supported enemies of the Danish king. He gave Andersen the fortress of Kongshelle near the border with Denmark. Andersen became a pirate who harried the coast of Denmark for years. The exiles managed to build forts on Samsø, Hjelm, Sprogø, and Helgenæs. No ship was safe and no coastal town immune from Stig Andersen Hvide. The high point of his depredations occurred in 1289 when he landed with a small Norwegian army at Stubbekøbing on Falster. Wizlau II of Rűgen, Denmark’s regent, used his Wendish fleet to drive Andersen back to Norway. Andersen’s activities sparked four decades of conflict and warfare between the Nordic kingdoms.

Judgements

Traditionally the rule of Eric VI has been regarded one of the few bright spots of the period because of his attempt to recover Denmark’s far-flung empire. He has been hailed in Danish romantic literature. Viewed today, however, his policies began the dissolution of the Danish empire in the Baltic and northern Europe that followed during the next generation.

The nickname of King Eric has been much discussed. A popular explanation is that it is an abbreviation of his alleged favourite oath (“ved alle hellige mænd” – Eng.: by all holy men). Another explanation is that it derives from the elder Danish “menvett” (Eng.: bird of ill omen).