Anton Makarenko

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Anton Makarenko bigraphy, stories - Educators

Anton Makarenko : biography

13 January 1888 – 01 April 1939

Anton Semenovych Makarenko ( , *1888  – †1939) was a Russian and Soviet educator and writer, who promoted democratic ideas and principles in educational theory and practice. As one of the founders of Soviet pedagogy, he elaborated the theory and methodology of upbringing in self-governing child collectives and introduced the concept of productive labor into the educational system. Makarenko is often reckoned among the world’s great educators, and his books have been published in many countries., in Prospects: the quarterly review of comparative education UNESCO: International Bureau of Education, Paris. vol. XXIV, no. 1/2, 1994, p. 77-91.

In the aftermath of the Russian Revolution he established self-supporting orphanages for street children – including juvenile delinquents – left orphaned by the Russian Civil War. Among these establishments were the Gorky colony and later the Dzerzhinsky labor commune in Kharkiv, where the FED camera was produced.

Although there was some opposition by the authorities at the early stages of Makarenko’s "experiments",Горкин А. П. (гл. ред.). Российская педагогическая энциклопедия. – М.: Научное издательство "Большая Российская энциклопедия", 1993. Макаренко the Soviet establishment eventually came to hail his colonies as a grand success in communist education and rehabilitation. Among his key ideas were "as much exigence towards the person as possible and as much respect for him as possible", the use of positive peer pressure on the individual by the collective, and institutionalized self-government and self-management of that collective. He also rejected physical punishment.

Makarenko was one of the first Soviet educators to urge that the activities of various educational institutions—i.e., the school, the family, clubs, public organizations, production collectives and the community existing at the place of residence—should be integrated.

Makarenko wrote several books, of which The Pedagogical Poem (Педагогическая поэма), a fictionalized story of the Gorky Colony, was especially popular in the USSR. In 1955 a movie with English title Road to Life was produced.

Like most things Soviet, Makarenko’s ideas came under heavy criticism after the fall of communism. His system has been accused of many of the same supposed faults as Soviet Communism in general, such as giving the child collective too much power over the individual child,Vavokhine, Youri. 2004. The (post)-soviet prison subculture faced with the use of self-management doctrines by the corrections administration. Penal field: new French journal of criminology :

Makarenko is well aware that “more active participation of self-management collectives in the rehabilitation of inmates will result in the increased role of mutual dependency and responsibility, making it necessary for members of the collective to evaluate and influence each other” (ibid, 169). That is precisely his goal…

However, the administration makes the collective free to organize itself, and leaves it the choice of how it reeducates those who lag behind, so that each individual faces the arbitrary action of the collective all alone. He has no latitude to appeal to a higher agency (perhaps more impartial, precisely because it is higher up), the administration. He is punished by his peers, which is quite unfair and intolerable for him. This method therefore elicits some aggressive, antagonistic feelings within the inmate group.

Moreover, formal procedures are never a satisfactory way of handling conflicts between members of the group. To the contrary, conflicts of this type are best solved informally. For this reason, they tend to go partially unseen by the educational and administrative staff, so that we may say that these conflicts between members of an inmate collective are dangerous and difficult to manage. over-emphasizing discipline and leaving insufficient space for individual freedom.

Works

Works

  • (1932; play)
  • (1932)
  • (1932; sketch)
  • (1925 — 1935).
  • (with испр. замеч. typographical errors, with the restored letter "yo", there was a table of contents)
  • (the first unabridged edition of 2003, science edition, сост. and the comment of S.S.Nevskaya, is published in a network in 2010 according to the solution of hands. TsVR of. A.S. Makarenko (pdf))
  • (1937; art and theoretical composition)
  • (1937 — 1938; story)
  • (1938)
  • (on бумажн. prod. correct. many typographical errors, восст. the letter "yo", there was a table of contents and so forth)

Notes

Makarenko’s origin

The brother A.S. Makarenko — Vitaly Semyonovich in the book "My Brother Anton Semyonovich" writes: "… despite the Ukrainian origin Anton was 100% for Russians" [3]. One of leaders foreign Makarenko researchers prof. Gyotts Hillig devoted to a question of a national origin and A.S. Makarenko’s national consciousness the separate research which results are presented in the report "To a question of national consciousness of A.S. Makarenko". [4] ] where as a whole are confirmed both the statement of the brother, and Anton Semyonovich’s Russian consciousness. Hillig notes that all works and A.S. Makarenko’s personal correspondence I conducted in Russian. At the same time he excellently knew and loved Ukrainian, often and pertinently included quotes of juicy Ukrainian speech in dialogues of characters of the works. A.S. Makarenko also understood and could speak in Polish what L.V. Konisevich in the book "We Were Brought Up by Makarenko" (chapter about arrival of the Polish delegation) [5] mentions also. At the same time it is specified that for tactical reasons (for to reduce for some officials number of occasions for colony dispersal of M of Gorky) he since a certain year ceases to specify in the column a nationality the word "Russian" (as it still was in Kryukov), and "Ukrainian" [4] starts writing. Makarenko’s nationality wasn’t secret and for his contemporaries. So, in a valedictory from the Union of the Soviet writers of BSSR it is directly told: